28. MICROSOFT WORD RIBBON

A. The File tab provides options for basic administrative tasks involving your document,
such as saving, printing, and opening a new document.

B. The Home tab provides options to edit aspects of the basic formatting your document,
such as the font (type, size, color, etc.), text alignment, and creating bulleted or numbered
lists.

C. The Insert tab provides options to place visual enhancements in your document, such as
pictures, tables, and charts.

D. The Page Layout tab provides options for more advanced formatting of your document,
such as margins, page orientation (i.e. portrait/landscape), and size.

E. The References tab provides options for using various citations in your document, such
as footnotes, bibliographies, and captions.

F. The Mailings tab provides options for sending out your document, such as selecting
recipients and inserting a greeting line

G. The Review tab provides options for editing your document’s content, such as a Spelling
and Grammar check, a translator, and inserting comments in specific areas.

H. The View tab provides options for examining your document, such as a full screen view,
print previewing, and zooming in or out.

27. TYPES OF COMPUTERS 2

26. TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Different types of computers

Different types of computers

Let us define computers: A computer is the most basic understanding is an electronic device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people.

Even at this very moment, you are using a computer to read this article, and the history of computers dates way back to the 17^th century in what was known as Generation zero. If you are wondering, we are currently in the fifth generation with artificial intelligence, quantum computation, nanotechnology, etc;

Now, I will write on the history of computing which would be interesting to some people, and fascinating to others in another article.

In this article, I am going to talk more about the different computers that are present in the current world:

• · Desktop computers
• · Workstations
• · Notebook computers
• · Tablet computers
• · Handheld computers
• · Smart phones
• · Supercomputers
• · Mainframe computers
• · Minicomputers

Desktop computers

Different type of computers

The most common computer used in today’s world are the desktop computers which were specially built for personal use be it at home or work. These computers are everywhere, from your office, to your house, schools, laboratories and even public places like a public library, universities and so on. There is a great chance that you have accessed this website using a desktop computer.

Today’s computers are brilliant at task management than many years ago. Today’s desktop computers can be used to communicate, produce music, edit photographs and videos, play sophisticated games, and much more.

As the name implies, a desktop computer is a full size computer that is too big to be carried around. Nowadays, most desktop computers are equipped with two primary hardware solutions – the monitor and a casing inside which is stored the central processing unit (CPU), the motherboard, the graphic card, storage devices, buses, power supply and so on.

A desktop computer is also equipped with a keyboard and mouse which are connected to their appropriate ports at the back of the casing.

Workstations

A workstation is a specialized, single user computer that typically has more power and features than a standard desktop computer. These machines are more popular in the lab of scientists, engineers or even animators who require a system with greater than average speed and power to perform sophisticated calculations, rendering, or high level tasks.

Workstations often have larger and higher resolution monitors, and accelerated graphics. In relation to this, I would give you an example : - such as the Quadro series of graphic cards. They are commonly used in workstations.

This higher specifications allow for advanced architectural engineering design, modeling ,animation and even video editing.

Notebook computers

Notebook computers as the name implies is approximately the size of an 8.5-11 inch notebook and can easily fit inside a briefcase. Since most people including yourself would set this device on your lap and use it conveniently in eateries, cafes, at the work place, in education institutions and so on, hence the name laptop.

Notebook computers can operate on alternating current or special batteries. These special device also weighs less than 8 pounds and some even lesser than three pounds.

Using a laptop is as simple as opening a book. Think of it as opening your notebook. Similarly, when a laptop is opened, the upper lid will present a screen or lcd monitor. At the bottom is the keyboard and beneath the keyboard is the specialty hardware such as the motherboard, cpu, hard-disk and so on.

The portability of laptops is one of the most major reasons for the increased use of laptops nowadays. They are the mobile computers that can be carried anywhere and used conveniently.

Tablet PC

Different type of computers

Tablet PC’s are some of the more newer developments in portable, full featured computers. Tablet PC’s just like a notebook offers the full range of functionalities except that they are lighter and accepts input from pen/pointers known as a stylus.

Most interactions are done directly via the screen of the computer and some tablet PC’s also allow for input via the user’s voice. As you know, even phones these days accept voice commands to get things done.

Tablet PC’s can run specialized versions of standard programs and can be connected to a network or to the internet. Certain and in most new models now – a keyboard and a mouse can be attached as well.

Tablet PC’s are used mainly in the graphic design field where drawing on the tablet PC’s can be translated into digital drawings and be edited by various graphic editing tools.

Handheld PC’s

Different type of computers

Handheld personal computers are computing devices small enough to fit in your hand. A popular type of handheld computer is the personal digital assistant (PDA).

A PDA is no larger than a small appointment book and is normally used for special applications such as taking notes, displaying telephone numbers and addresses and keeping track of dates or agendas.

Many PDA’s can be connected to computers to exchange data. Most PDAs come with a pen (stylus) that allows for handwriting recognition and some even have tiny built-in keyboards or microphones for voice input.

A wireless connection (Wi-Fi) can be used to access the internet with a PDA. PDAs in the later part of this century were converted into phones, cameras, music players and GPS.

The demands for PDA phones have been in the increase and of late have been mostly replaced by smart-phones that are equipped with much functionality similar to a computer.

Smart phones

Different type of computers

Smart phones are handheld devices or mobile phones that have a processing unit attached to act as a handheld computer cum phone.

These phones offer advanced features not typically found in normal cellular phones. These phones come with additional features beyond the traditional SMS and calling features. Smart phones these days allow you to surf the internet using your phone, take pictures, videos, listen to music, conduct presentations, record voice, play games, e-mail, and many other additional features.

Smart phones are also equipped with an operating system just like your desktop or laptop computers are equipped with an operating system, Windows, Linux, etc;

Supercomputers

Different type of computers

Supercomputers are the most fastest, and expensive modern computer systems. They are mostly used for intense processing and forecasting such as forecasting the weather, or super high resolution graphics such as ray traced images.

Government processes such as immigration clearances, and all other high level functionalities are handled by a supercomputer.

Supercomputers are also extensively used in the military to manage and calculate or even analyze full range of information from coordinates to traffic control and even launching systems.

Today, the world’s fastest supercomputer was developed by IBM – the IBM Roadrunner which runs on 1.026 – 1.105 Pflops or petaflops and is placed in the Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico USA taking up a space of 6000 square feet.

Mainframe computers

Different type of computers

Mainframe computers are used in large organizations such as insurance companies and banks, where many people frequently need to use the same data. In a traditional mainframe environment, each user accesses the mainframe’s resources through a terminal (network terminal).

There are two kinds of terminal, one is a dumb terminal which does not process or store data, just basic I/O – input output and the intelligent terminal which can perform processing operations but these terminals normally do not have any storage.

Mainframes are large and powerful systems to handle the processing of thousands of users at any one time. Most large organizations implement mainframes due to their flexibilities in which department computers can be allocated a certain functionality that is related to the department in response to all programs.

For instance, an airline company which wishes to sell tickets online through the internet will require to connect their current website interface to a mainframe system.

You as the user would then connect to the website or the mainframe system to key in your ticket purchase.

Minicomputers

Different type of computers

Minicomputers are small sized computers which have their capabilities between the range of a personal desktop computer and a mainframe.

Minicomputers were replaced by the microcomputers which took over the reign of those mighty minicomputers due to their greater processing power.

20. GRAMMAR AND SPELLING CHECK

Spelling and Grammar Checking

One thing you probably will have noticed is the spelling mistakes in the letter. You should have typed the letter exactly as it was, and left any spelling errors in. More than likely, the spelling mistakes are underlined in red in your document. Anything with a wiggly green line under it is a grammatical error, (or what Microsoft Word insists is a grammatical error).

The easiest way to correct spelling mistakes is to right click any word that has a red wavy underline. You'll then see a menu appear:

In the image above, we've clicked with the right-hand mouse button on the incorrectly spelt "counsil". The menu that appears shows three alternative words: counsel, council, and counsels. We meant council, of course. Click this option with your left mouse button to replace the misspelt word. The red wavy underline will disappear. (Incidentally, don't worry about the box that appears above the menu as we'll get to formatting options in a later section.)

Do the same with the other two misspellings in your letter, and then save your work. Now highlight the address you added to the right.

Spelling and Grammar Options

To check more than one word at a time, you can bring up the Spelling and Grammar dialogue box. To see it, click on the Review tab at the top of Word. On the Review tab, locate the Proofing section. Then click Spelling & Grammar:

When you click on Spelling & Grammar, you'll see a dialogue box appear in Word 2007 and Word 2010. This one:

In Word 2013, you'll see a panel appear on the right of your screen. This one:

This dialogue box allows you to do most of the things you can do by right-clicking a misspelt word. The Suggestions area lists alternatives to the word you're trying to correct. The suggestion for our fictional town of Evercrease is for two separate words,Ever and Crease. To stop Word highlighting our fictional town as an error, click theAdd to Dictionary button on the right. (Or you can click the Ignore buttons.)

In Word 2013, you'll see an extra area at the bottom. You can click the speaker symbol to hear the word. You may also see a list of alternatives to the word you typed. In the image above, Word is suggesting assembly, commitee, and meeting.

When you have corrected a word, the dialogue box will move on to the next one. In our case it will highlight the fictional postcode, insisting that it is a repeated word. ClickIgnore Once and Word will have finished with its corrections. The dialogue box will then go away. To get rid of the Spelling area in Word 2013, click the X in the top right of the panel.

Setting Spelling and Grammar Rules

Sometimes, however, you want a little more control over what spelling and grammar Microsoft Word highlights. For that, there is a Proofing dialogue box.

In Word 2007, click the round Office button in the top left. At the bottom of the menu you'll see a Word Options button:

In Word 2010 and Word 2013, click the File tab again. Have a look for the Optionsitem, near the bottom left:

Click Word Options (or just Options) button and you'll see another dialogue box appear. On the left, select the Proofing item. You'll then see the following rather complex list of things you can do:

The check marks in each box show what options are currently selected. Click a check mark to deselect that option. Click an empty box to select it. So if you don't want Word behaving like a grammar Nazi, uncheck the box that says Check grammar with spelling.

Microsoft Word AutoCorrect

One interesting option is AutoCorrect. Click the button at the top of the Proofing dialogue box that says AutoCorrect Options. You'll see this dialogue box:

On the AutoCorrect tab, you can see a lot of inbuilt options have been checked. So Word will, for example, automatically capitalize days of the weeks for you as soon as you press the space bar on your keyboard.

The area at the bottom, "Replace text as you type", has also been checked. What this means is that if you were to type a colon followed by a left round bracket Word will change the two characters into a smiley face. If you don't want Word doing this, select that option from the list. Then click the Delete button.

However, you can use the Replace feature to your advantage. If, for example, you didn't want to keep typing your full name all the time, you can type say two characters into theReplace box. In the With box, type your name, as in the image below:

After you click the Add button, your text will be added to the list:

Click the OK buttons on the AutoCorrect dialogue box, and on the Word Options dialogue box and you'll be returned to Word. Now, whenever we type the initials "KC" and then press the space bar on the keyboard, Word will replace them with the name "Ken Carney".

And we'll leave the Library Complaint letter, as we're done. In the next section we'll create a new document so that you can learn some formatting.

21. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Civil Rights Biography:

Dr.  Martin  Luther  King,  Jr.

Name:                                                              

Every January, schools and many government offices close down to honor the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Students appreciate Martin Luther King Day and many other holidays mostly because they give them a break from school. However, there is a deeper reason to be thankful on MLK Day. Let’s look at King’s inspirational

character,his accomplishments, and the ways in which he improved our country and our lives.

Born on January 15, 1929, King was the third generation of men in his family to graduate with honor from Morehouse College. He distinguished himself for his academic and theological excellence at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, and then went on to earn his doctorate from Boston University. He met and married Coretta Scott in Boston, and together they raised two daughters and two sons. King became the pastor of a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama in 1954.

Upset by the unjust way African Americans were treated, King decided to become actively involved in fighting for their civil rights. He was an executive member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, often known today by the initials: NAACP. When Rosa Parks was arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white passenger, King was asked to be the leader of a non-violent bus boycott that lasted 382 days. In spite of dangerous attacks on his church, his home, and his family, King never lost his faith or his determination. Though his home was bombed and he was arrested, he fearlessly led the fight. The boycott was successful, ending the separation of races on public transportation, and making the whole nation aware of the need for civil rights reform.

Elected as the president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King used the peaceful methods of another important human rights activist, Mahatma Gandhi, combined with his own Christian faith, to promote equal rights for people of all races. He traveled around the country, giving over 2,500 speeches and writing articles and books. He organized opportunities for African Americans to register to vote.

Dr. King’s most famous speech was in front of 250,000 people who gathered after a peaceful march on Washington, D.C. In his speech, King spoke of his dream that his descendants

would one day live in a world where they would be judged by their accomplishments rather than

by the color of their skin. His inspirational words are still some of the most quoted today. He met with Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. His work caused him to be arrested by

some, and honored by others. When King was just 35 years old, he was awarded the Nobel Peace

Prize. He donated the money earned from the prize right back into the fight for civil rights.

Had Dr. King been able to live out his full life, there is no doubt he would have continued to be a force of change for civil rights. Unfortunately, his life was cut short by an assassin’s bullet.

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. died on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was preparing

to lead another protest march for the rights of workers who were being treated unfairly. Each

January, we celebrate his birthday in order to honor his dream, and remember all that he did to protect the rights of the people of the United States.

Think About It

1. Do you think the things that Dr. King was fighting for were important? Why, or why not?

2. Would it be fair if your teacher treated people in your classroom with brown eyes differently than people with blue eyes? Why, or why not?

3. People sometimes still do not get along because of their differences. Think of a time that

someone was treated unfairly because of their race or culture. What should have been done differently?